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\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u662f\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3d\u5c14\uff08Franz Joseph Gall, 1758-1828\uff09 \u53d1\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u6d41\u884c\u4e00\u65f6\u3002\u53ef\u662f1802\u5e74\u5965\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u544a\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u8fdd\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6d41\u4f20\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4f3d\u5c14\u4e5f\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u3002\u9ad8\u5c14\u5230\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u540e\uff0c\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u4e5f\u55a7\u817e\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u610f\u6db5\u4ecd\u7136\u5f15\u8d77"\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u58eb"\u7684\u5fe7\u5fc3\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u4f0f\u5362\u5b8f\uff08Flourens, 1794-1867\uff09\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52a8\u7269\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5927\u8111\u76ae\u8d28\u529f\u80fd\u5b9a\u4f4d\u8bf4\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4f0f\u5362\u5b8f\u4ece\u672a\u505a\u8fc7\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u75c5\u7406\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ecd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u751f\u6839\u636e\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u9ad8\u5c14\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002
\n\u4f3d\u5c14\u559c\u6b22\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u72b6\u7684\u4eba\u5934\uff1a\u6709\u7684\u957f\u800c\u7a84\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5706\u800c\u6d51\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u524d\u989d\u5f88\u9614\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u540e\u8111\u6241\u5e73\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8111\u5b50\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5584\u4e8e\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u7cbe\u4e8e\u523a\u7ee3\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u6280\u827a\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8111\u90e8\u5fc5\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7279\u522b\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u5934\u9885\u4e0a\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8111\u5b50\u88c5\u5728\u91cc\u9762\u3002\u9ad8\u5c14\u66fe\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8111\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u800c\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u5f97\u8fc7\u5956\u724c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u6b67\u9014\uff0c"\u9885\u76f8\u5b66"\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u5224\u65ad\u7978\u798f\u3001\u8bc8\u9a97\u94b1\u8d22\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
"\u9885\u76f8\u5b66"\u7684\u6b3a\u9a97\u6027\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5a74\u513f\u5982\u679c\u957f\u671f\u4ef0\u7761\uff0c\u540e\u8111\u58f3\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e73\u5e73\u7684\uff1b\u7236\u6bcd\u53ca\u65e9\u6ce8\u610f\u5e76\u6539\u53d8\u4ed6\u7684\u7761\u59ff\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u957f\u5927\u540e\u662f\u4e2a\u5e73\u8111\u58f3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4ec0\u4e48\u667a\u529b\u3002\u56fd\u5916\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u559c\u6b22\u7528\u6728\u677f\u548c\u5e03\u5e26\u628a\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u5934\u6346\u624e\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u957f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5bb6\u7279\u6709\u7684\u5934\u9885\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u548c\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u5934\u9885\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u771f\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u667a\u548c\u611a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6728\u677f\u548c\u5e03\u5e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u5f88\u591a\u5929\u624d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u672c\u8d28\u65e9\u4e3a\u4e25\u8083\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u63ed\u9732\uff0c\u4f46\u4e16\u4fd7\u751f\u6d3b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u771f\u7406\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u98ce\u8da3\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8f6c\u4e16\u8bf4\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u78c1\u6027\u8bf4\u3001\u62c9\u74e6\u7279\u7684\u540e\u7ee7\u8005\u52a0\u5c14\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u9aa8\u76f8\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca50\u5e74\u6765\u50cf\u5149\u5b66\u5bb6\u7422\u78e8\u5149\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e00\u6837\u6df1\u5165\u94bb\u7814\u601d\u60f3\uff08\u5149\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u90fd\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5373\u65e2\u8d5e\u540c\u4fe1\u5949\u4f7f\u5f92\u5723\u7ea6\u7ff0\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u795e\u79d8\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u9aa8\u76f8\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5916\u5316\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u90a3\u65f6\uff0c\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u4e0d\u4f46\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6c99\u9f99\u91cc\u7684\u4e3b\u6253\u8bcd\uff0c\u8fde\u5f98\u5f8a\u5728\u4e0a\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0d\u89c9\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6559\u5316\u3002\u5728\u666e\u5e0c\u91d1\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u675c\u5e03\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u5199\u5230\u4ec6\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u53e3\u5934\u7985\u5fc3\u9886\u795e\u4f1a\uff1a"\u4ec6\u5f79\u6309\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u4f4e\u5148\u540e\u6709\u5e8f\u5730\u5206\u9001\u83dc\u789f\uff0c\u78b0\u5230\u7591\u96be\uff0c\u5219\u6309\u62c9\u6cd5\u8131\u7684\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5305\u7ba1\u4e07\u65e0\u4e00\u5931\u3002"\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u4eb2\u548c\u529b\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u4e86\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u4e13\u5229\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u9aa8\u76f8\u800c\u7aa5\u89c6\u798f\u7978\uff0c\u7531\u9aa8\u76f8\u800c\u9884\u793a\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u7b14\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u7684\u98ce\u5316\u6548\u679c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u660e\u663e\u7684\u3002\u7231\u9ed8\u751f\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\uff0c\u60e0\u7279\u66fc\u7684\u8f9e\u6c47\u662f\u300a\u8584\u4f3d\u68b5\u6b4c\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5148\u9a71\u62a5\u300b\u5947\u5999\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u4ed6\u8fc7\u5206\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u8bcd\u8bed\u5982\u4e30\u9976\u7684\u3001\u5706\u6ee1\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u95f9\u8fc7\u5927\u7b11\u8bdd(\u5fc3\u91cc\u60f3\u7528\u79cd\u5b50\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u7528\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u65cf\u7684)\u3002\u4ed6\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e9b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u5b57\u5c3e\uff1b\u4ed6\u501f\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u70ed\u7231\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u7684\u5b57\u773c\u3002\u5176\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fcd\u4fca\u4e0d\u7981\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76f8\u8c8c\u65b0\u9c9c\u5766\u8bda\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9aa8\u76f8\u4e30\u9976\u575a\u51b3\u3002
\n\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u707f\u70c2\u7684\u84b8\u84b8\u65e5\u4e0a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u58f0\u5636\u529b\u7aed\u7684\u8bb2\u6f14\u5bb6\u91cc\u9762\uff0c
\n\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u5949\u5723\u6d01\u7684\u8bd7\u4eba\u548c\u5e7f\u4eba\u65e0\u8fb9\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u91cc\u9762\u3002
\n……<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u4ee5\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c2\u5bdf\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u81c6\u60f3\u3002\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e38\u4eba\u773c\u775b\u91cc\u770b\u5230\u7684\u9aa8\u9abc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8bd7\u4eba\u7684\u6167\u773c\u91cc\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u9aa8\u76f8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u524d\u536b\u8bd7\u4eba\uff0c\u4fd7\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6708\u4eae\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5219\u770b\u51fa\u4e86\u6708\u76f8\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u603b\u662f\u53bb\u6389"\u76f8"\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u672c\u6765\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u7406\u6070\u6070\u662f"\u51fa\u4f4d\u53bb\u76f8"\u7684\u3002\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u53f6\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u9aa8\u76f8\u5b66\u624d\u9010\u6b65\u4ece\u897f\u8bed\u91cc\u9500\u58f0\u533f\u8ff9\u4e86\u3002
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